Slide 3 A jammer can block all radio communications on any device that operates on radio frequencies within its range Jamming technology generally does not discriminate between desirable and undesirable communications. For example, jammers can disable your cell phone, your Wi-Fi, disable your GPS, and prevent a first responder from locating you in an emergency. Slide 4 Jammers' overwhelm anti-theft devices on cars and Trucks. They have been used in vicinity of airports disrupting air traffic. The picture in the bottom left shows Government Cut in Miami, Florida. Cruise ship Captains were reporting they had lost GPS due to interference while in the turning basin there. Jammers are being used to establish quiet zones and text-free zones in Churches and Schools. They are being used to defeat the fleet tracking capabilities built into commercial vehicles by the companies that own them. Purpose can be as benign as the driver just wanted to go see his girlfriend in the company vehicle without being tracked, to the theft of high value pharmaceuticals. Slide 5 There are Economic Consequences: There was an interference event a couple of years ago at a Highly Automated Container Port facility in the U.S. at a Mid-Atlantic Port facility where some of the port's crane operations were shut down for a few hours. This is not a picture of the affected port it was just a good depiction of the possible magnitude of operations. This is Shanghai Harbor. The Port of Shanghai has doubled its throughput in the last 12 years to 33.62 million TEUs in 2013. Just one of these ships can carry as many as 9500 40ft containers (19,000 TEU) and every aspect of this port is automated and GNSS dependent. So you can imagine, the economic impact can be quite high. Slide 6 In the U.S. there are three categories of allocations: • Government (Federal). • Non-government (includes state and local). • Shared. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) manages Government (Federal) spectrum. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) manages Non-Government (includes state and local) allocations. And those two agencies coordinate actions for those bands that are "shared." Slide 7 In general, national frequency allocations and protections are aligned with the ITU table of frequency allocation and protection. However, though they are not identical since each nation has sovereign rights to manage its own spectrum the U.S. pursues harmonized use of the radio frequency spectrum. Slide 8 The Implementation Roadmap for National Critical Infrastructure and Resilience Research and Development Plan was released by the White House on 12/20/16. The contents of the Implementation Roadmap reflect the Federal Government’s continuing commitment to support critical infrastructure. By specifying activities that will lead to improvements in five different Challenge Areas and identifying the agencies responsible for them, this Implementation Roadmap will help ensure that the Federal Government and its critical infrastructure partners are able to withstand, prepare, and adapt to changing conditions and rapidly recover from the effects of extreme hazard events. Slide 9 While we cannot prevent all interference the U.S. Government continues working with the civil user community including critical infrastructure owners and operators to help them become more resilient in the event of any loss of the GPS civil signal. As technology continues to advance, we will need to anticipate, accommodate, and accelerate innovation. At the same time, as new technologies increase our reliance on ever more sophisticated and complex systems and services such as GPS, we need to understand and mitigate the risks associated with new technologies that are transforming our critical infrastructure. With the strong support of the federal government, PNT services have become widely available and we have the responsibility to work with the private, public and international partners to help them become increasingly resilient. If we the opportunity to make a difference, we have the responsibility to do so. Slide 10 In the past 2 years the U.S. has released 2 best practices that seek to ensure our civil users are aware of the options for mitigating the effects of a localized GPS disruption. It's a good business practice. We encourage users to take an enterprise look at their inventories of their timing dependencies within their systems and networks. We encourage them to look at dependencies in the field, assess for themselves, and implement mitigating steps that strengthen their operational resiliency. These Best Practices documents can be found at www.GPS.gov and look for "Guidance for Critical Infrastructures." Slide 11 Here are a couple of examples, from a list of many, of people being caught using jammers in the U.S. A Complaint came from a cell phone service provider in Florida that its cell phone tower sites had been experiencing interference during morning and evening highway traffic. A man was discovered and fined $48,000 for using a cell phone signal jammer in his car while commuting to and from work on a Florida highway over a 16-24 month period. An anonymous complaint alleged that a company was operating signal jammer ( I suspect this was an upset employee). This company will pay over $20,000 in civil penalties for unauthorized use, for over 2 years, of a signal jamming device purchased and mounted in the company's warehouse to prevent employees from using the cell phones while working. Slide 12 In the U.S. like many other countries around the world, this is illegal. The Communications Act specifically states "No person shall willfully or maliciously interfere with or cause interference to any radio communications of any station licensed or authorized by or under this chapter or operated by the United States Government." Slide 13 Some examples of how these are getting out into your communities: An FCC Forfeiture Order has proposed a $34,912,500 forfeiture against a manufacturing company for marketing 285 models of signal jamming devices. In another instance, acting on a tip, an Enforcement Agent witnessed a retail business selling a cell phone signal blocker device to a private citizen for use in a child care center. To address online sales, an Omnibus Citation and Order was issued to 20 Online Vendors for marketing signal jamming devices to consumers via the Internet in the United States or its territories. Slide 14 In the U.S., this is also illegal and appropriate laws are written into the Communications Act. Slide 15 Also: the Act authorizes the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to govern the potential harmful interference of devices and these regulations are written into Agency Rules. Slide 16 Further, these regulations are written into the Criminal Code to provide for arrest, fines and seizures of equipment. Slide 17 I show you this to make the point that Comprehensive GNSS jamming prohibition provisions must be incorporated under four different authorities: • Federal Statutes – Legislation to establish law. • Telecom Agency Rules – for example our FCC to task a specific agency with enforcement. • The Criminal Code – to provide for arrest and seizure authority. • And finally, in International Treaties to conform with international norms of acceptable behavior. Slide 18 The U.S. has developed a process to provide for a coordinated government response to a report of interference. The process starts with problem report to NAVCEN or FAA. Pictured here is the Navigation Center's online form. First, we will attempt to triage and or to confirm the problem, get a federal asset into the area to confirm interference exists. An initial interagency conference call is conducted to discuss the way forward. An official "Priority" is assigned to the event based on the level of operational impact to critical infrastructure. This Priority assigned will determine the level of response and the agencies that will be involved. We conduct regularly scheduled interagency practice and exercises. I have included the address for our reporting form at the bottom of this slide. Slide 19 In the UN's International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) the issue of interference detection and mitigation is assigned to working group S (Systems, Signals and Services. A task force was formed and you can see the member countries involved. 5 IDM workshops and two IDM seminars have been conducted and you may have received the read-ahead that detailed the recommendations and activities of these workshops. Slide 20 This is a list of the IDM Task Force members. You can see the member countries involved. Slide 21 ICG member countries are working together to promote information sharing and cooperation on matters involving IDM. We are also working on an information sharing template in ICG Working Group C (Information Sharing and Capacity Building). The issue is also being taken up in bilateral GNSS talks between Provider countries. Slide 22 There have been some significant interference detection systems that have been developed by various ICG member countries and demonstrated at our IDM workshops. All of these capabilities have merit and should be considered. In the interest of time I have included some full page versions of these graphic as backup slides to be posted online for your review. Slide 23 And finally... A consulting firm gave us a proposal to use a crowd-sourcing method where any cell phone would report through the cell-provider tower that it had lost its GNSS signal. Pockets of reporting cell-phones would actually show the location of the offending signal. There is consensus in the ICG working groups and workshops that a Crowd Sourcing approach to IDM has real merit and further study needs to be done. Slide 24 Spectrum Protection starts with good foundations in the International Telecommunications Union, but it is crucial to protect GNSS spectrum at BOTH international and national levels. A compatibility analysis of new radio operations is essential before introducing new systems and/or changing regulations and allocations – especially near GNSS frequency bands to avoid causing interference to existing GNSS signals. Slide 25 The ITU provides the regulatory framework (Radio Regulations), but it is national regulators that play the key role in finding and stopping interferers. Robust enforcement of national and international regulations is vital to limit impacts to GNSS signals. Slide 26 We did a poll within the ICG in 2015 to determine similar laws in the Provider countries. You can see here our results showing that it is illegal in most countries to manufacture, sell, export, purchase, or use a GNSS jammer. Slide 27 So what can you do? We encourage you to go back to your national regulators and find out how they are protecting GNSS from interferers. Do they realize the vulnerability of GNSS reception? Do they appreciate the economic impact of GNSS loss? Are they doing enough to protect GNSS spectrum from interference?